Goa is the smallest state in the Indian Union in terms of area, but its is among the most developed in terms of economy and human development. Subject to Portuguese occupation for nearly five centuries, Goa was eventually liberated in 1961, well after the rest of India had achieved independence from the British. The prolonged exposure to Portuguese culture has left a profound impact on the life of the Goanese people, which is very evident in their social and cultural lifestyles.

Goa is one of the most beautiful states in India. It is ensconced on the slopes of the rugged Western Ghats on one side, with the blue expanse of the Arabian Sea on the other. It has some of the world’s most stunning beaches, some grand old churches dating from the 16th century and many forts and ruins of historic importance.

In addition, there are many beautiful temples dating back to several centuries. The spirit of Goa is best captured in its grand annual event – the Carnival, which is held over four days in February in all the major cities. For sheer gaiety, colour, pageantry and spectacular displays, this festival is unmatched anywhere in India.

Goa was known by a variety of names in the past – ‘Gomanchala’, ‘Gopakapaltam’, ‘Gopakapuri’, Govapuri, Gomantak, to name a few. Recorded history of Goa goes back as far as the 1st century of the Christian era, when it was of part of the Satavahana Empire. This was followed by Kadamba, Rashtrakuta, Malkhed and Chalukya rules, which ended with the advance of the Khilji dynasty from Delhi.

The discovery of the sea-route to India by Vasco-da-Gama was a turning point in the history of Goa. Many Portuguese expeditions started to come to India and in 1510, Alfonso de Albuquerque landed in Goa, opening the way for Portuguese colonisation. The arrival of the Jesuit priest Francis Xavier in 1540, led to large-scale proselytisation that had far reaching impact on the socio-cultural landscape of Goa.

The Portuguese continued to occupy Goa even after the British had left and ultimately on December 19, 1961, the government of India liberated it and made it a composite Union Territory along with Daman and Diu. On May 30, 1987, Goa was granted full statehood and Daman and Diu was made a separate Union Territory.

Panaji is the capital and largest city. It houses all the government buildings and most of the shopping centres. It is a picturesque town facing the Arabian Sea with the Mandovi river flowing through it, and the forested hills forming a backdrop. The influence of Portuguese culture is still very visible here. Marmagao is a major seaport not only of Goa, but also India, with a superb harbour. It is at the mouth of the river Zuari. Vasco is another important town, known for its historic buildings. Other towns are Mapusa and Ponda. The beaches of Goa are the main tourist attractions. They are famous for their unspoilt beauty and calm seas. The most famous are Calangute, Colva, Vagator and Anjuna.

Calangute :

Sixteen kilometers from Panaji in north goa, this is one of the loveliest of Goa’s beaches stretching over several hundred metres. The palm fringed golden sands are ideal for sun bathing.

Vagator :

20 kms for Panaji, it is picturesque beach with the historic Chapora fort as a backdrop.

Anjuna :

This magnificent beach is only half hour’s drive from Panaji and houses the Albuquerque mansion.

Colva :

One of the most popular beaches in Goa. It is a huge expanse of dazzling white sand fringed by rows of casuarina trees. Few beaches in the world can rival its scenic splendour. Goa is also famous for its Churches. Basilica of Bom Jesus is one of the country’s most famous churches, revered by Christians worldwide. Located 10 kms east of Panaji in old Goa, it enshrines the mortal remains of St. Francis Xavier. Dedicated to St. Catherine, the Se Cathedral is an awesome structure, close to the Bom Jesus Basilica. It has five bells, one of these being the Golden Bell, among the best to be found in any church in the world. Goa also has several noteworthy temples. The most famous are Sri Mahalasa Temple (400 yrs old), Shri Mangueshi Temple (dedicated to Lord Shiva), Shri Mahadev Temple (dating back to 14th century) and Shri Saptakoteshwar Temple (built by Kadamba rulers). Other places of interest are the Mayem Lake, Molem Wildlife Sanctuary and Dr. Salim Ali Bird Sanctuary at Chorao.

Dr.Salim Bird Sanctuary :

Fully covered with mangroves, the sanctuary is situated on the western tip of Chorao island, alongside the River Mandovi near Panaji, Named after the famous ornithologist Dr. Salim Ali, this sanctuary is a delightful place for spotting birds of varying species.

MOLEM WILDLIFE SANCTUARY Location : 60 kms away from Panaji on the highway from Panaji to Bangalore. Area : 240 sq.km.

Highlights : Lush green jungles, on the slopes of the Western Ghats. It is rich in wildlife and a paradise for bird lovers.

Getting there : By road, from Panaji Best time to visit : October – May Activities : Game drives in the park, bird watching.

MAYEM LAKE : 35 kms from Panaji, in the midst of green hills, this is a popular tourist spot. The calm and serene environs besides the lake provide an enchanting retreat. Boating is an enjoyable experience here.

Agriculture is the main occupation in Goa. The state is well irrigated, with dams like the Selaulim and Anjunem providing water for irrigation. Rice is the main food crop. Pulses and ragi are also grown. Main cash crops are coconut, cashewnut, arecenut, sugarcane and fruits like pineapple, mango and banana. The state also has a rich forest cover. Fishing is a major occupation along the coast.

Goa is blessed with rich mineral resources. It is one of the largest producers of ferro-manganese, bauxite and iron-ore, which contribute substantially to its economy, through exports. China clay and limestone are also mined. Goa is known the world over for its beaches and tourism related to beach holidays has become a major source of income for the state.

In spite of the heavy tourist traffic, Goa has managed to remain unspoilt and charming. Another major attraction is the Church of Bom Jesus, which draws devout Christians from all over the world. The annual Feast of St. Francis Xavier is a unique event, when thousands throng to the Church to seek blessings. But the one event that has become synonymous with Goa is the Carnival, which captures the spirit of the people of the state more than anything else. Goanese cuisine is very popular, especially their range of fish preparations.